Full-wave rectifiers
– Half-wave rectifiers have some applications.
– However, full-wave rectifiers are the most commonly used ones for dc power supplies.
– A full-wave rectifier is exactly the same as the half-wave, but allows unidirectional current through the load during the entire sinusoidal cycle (as opposed to only half the cycle in the half-wave).
– Average value of output becomes twice that of the half wave rectifier output:
VAVG = 2Vp/p
– There are two main types of full wave rectifiers:
i) Center-tapped full-wave rectifier.
– Two diodes connected to the secondary of a center-tapped transformer.
– Half of Vin shows up between the center tap and each secondary.
– At any point in time, only one of the diodes is forward biased.
– This allows for continuous conduction through load.
– Note that the peak inverse voltage (PIV) across D2 is:
PIV = (Vp(sec)/2 – 0.7) – (-Vp(sec)/2)
= (Vp(sec)/2 + Vp(sec)/2 – 0.7)
= Vp(sec) – 0.7
– Since Vp(out) = Vp(sec)/2 – 0.7, we get:
Vp(sec) = 2Vp(out) + 1.4
– Thus, the PIV across each diode becomes:
PIV = 2Vp(out) + 0.7 V
ii) Bridge full-wave rectifier.
– When the input cycle is positive, diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased.
– When the input cycle is negative, diodes D3 and D4 are the ones conducing.
– The output voltage becomes:
Vp(out) = Vp(sec) – 1.4 V
– The reason we’d rather use a full bridge rectifier than a center-tap, is that the PIV is a lot smaller:
PIV = Vp(out) + 0.7 V
This testing instrument provide two alternate fuction: signal injector and signal tracer. This audio signal tracer/injector
is very helpful in trouble shooting audio circuits, when you need to
test a circuit by injecting a signal and observe the output (by watching
the oscilloscope or by hearing the loudspeaker for example), or by tracing some points inside the circuit when an audio signal is applied to the input. Here is the schematic diagram of the circuit:
This signal tracer/injector uses 9 volts supply
from battery. An alligator clip is recommneded for the ground probe, so
you can works with one hand to hold the board, and the other hand to
target the test probe. The SPDT switch connected to the transitor and
the earpiece is used to select the function, whether as a signal injector or a signal tracer.
Generates very low-distortion sine waves up to 1V RMS
No thermistors required – No settling time
Producing low-distortion sine waves, this oscillator operates over the range 16 to 22000 Hz.
The circuit is based on two articles that have appeared earlier in Wireless World – Roger Rosens’ “Phase -Shifting Oscillator”, February 1982 pp. 38-41, and J. L. Linsley Hood’s “Wien-Bridge Oscillator with low harmonic distortion” from May 1981 pp. 51-53.
This design features the simplicity of the Rosens’ circuit but avoids the use of a thermistor. Instead, oscillator stability is controlled by means of a common photo-resistor driven by a LED, as suggested in the Linsley Hood article.
There is no settling time when the oscillator’s frequency is changed and no bouncing of the output waveform. Use of an expensive and sometimes difficult to obtain thermistor is avoided.
Read more original source: http://www.redcircuits.com/Page82.htm
This circuit is not a voice operated
switch (VOX) because this circuit is too dumb to differentiate between
musical sound or human voice. This is rather a sound activated than
voice activated. One interesting application is to control your disco lighting automatically by the musical sound from high power amplifier, when the music signal is dominating the sound space. The schematic diagram is shown below.
You can use either moving coil
microphone or condenser microphone for this circuit. For condenser
microphone, you have to connect R1 resistor as shown by the dashed line.
Choose between 1k5 ad 22k to adjust the sensitivity, or use a 4k7 value
if you don’t care with the sensitivity fine tuning. Make sure the electrolytic capacitor is rated for 16 volt or more. The potentiometer shown in the schematic diagram is used to adjust the gain of the pre-amplification. You can adjust this potentiometer to get a proper sound level where the relay would be activated.
You can use this circuit to give auto trigger for your secondary flash light. You don’t have to worry about wiring
for the control, because using this circuit your secondary flash will
be automati8cally triggered when it receive the light signal from the
primary flash. Look at the circuit’s schematic diagram below.
The inductor 68mH is connected in parallel
with the solar cell to prevent the false trigger by slowly changing
environment light. Bright daylight won’t trigger your slave flash lamp
because the output will be shorted by the inductor. Only fast luminance change caused by your primary flash lighting will trigger your secondary flash light.
The solar cell should be 100mm2 at minimum (about 1cm2), and you can
easily find on many electronics part store, and sure you can use a
larger one for better sensitivity. For the inductor, because it is
relatively huge, you can use a radio frequency choke (RFC) that usually
used in AM radio transmitter circuit, but any inductor with low enough resistance could be used.
Using a standard fluorescent tube lamp (TL), you can make your own disco light, similar to a stroboscope light. You can even use a half-broken lamp, which one side of the heating filaments has broken. This circuit use only one side heating filament inside the tube. Look at the circuit’s schematic below.
Please be aware that this circuit
uses high voltage from your main power line, can be very dangerous.
Although the control circuit uses 12 volt supply, it isn’t isolated from
the SCR driving the high voltage. The only isolation is the audio transformer connected to your audio amplifier.
Parts List
R1: 470k; R2:100k; R3:3k9; R4:18k;
R5:10k; R6:2k7; R7:33k; R8:1k; R10:2k2; R11:2k2; P1:10k; P2:10k;
C1:0.1uF; C2:10uF/16V; C3:47uF/16V; TUN: 2N3904 or BC547.
This is a Light position controller circuit. Light position controller is a monolithic integrated circuit which is used in passenger cars. Potentiometer on the dashboard is used to define the light beam’s elevation of the head light of the car to a state by the car driver. Here is the circuit:
This circuit has some features, they are Thermally protected, Low supply current, Low positional error and Low noise
sensitivity due to hysteresis. besides that this circuit has Brake
function by short-circuiting the motor, Broken wire and short-circuit
indication on SET input and the Hysteresis level set externally.
[Source: NXP Application Note]
This is a circuit of light ignition
circuit. This circuit uses the LIC01 which is designed for high voltage
pulse generation circuits. This circuit can be used in many application such as lamp flashing, metal halid lamp and high pressure sodium lamp. When this circuit is used in high surge current operation in rugged environmental conditions, the high performance planar diffused technology device is used. Here is the circuit :
The LIC01 will decrease from an
off-state to low voltage on-state condition, when the voltage through
the device reaches the breakover voltage. The device will come back to
off state when the current across the circuit decreases below holding current Ih.
The LIC01 will turn on and produces a pulse of current across the
the transformer’s primary, when the peak voltage across C1 reaches the
LIC01′s VBO (break over voltage). In turn, the lamp will receives high
voltage pulses which is generated by transformer. [Source: STMicroelectronics Application Note]
The following manual provides detail information about electrical system and wiring diagram also cable harness routing of 1998 Mitsubishi Eclipse. This manual is divided into following sections: Outline of Changes, How to Read the Wiring Diagram, Wiring Harness Configuration Diagram (this includes wiring harness configuration of the engine compartment, dash panel and interior), Single Parts Installation Position (this section covers Relay Location, ECU, Solenoid Valve and Inspection Connector) and Circuit Diagram (contains Ignition System, MPI System, Headlamp, Stop Lamp, Meter and Gauges, Fuel Warning Lamp, Anti-lock Brake System ABS, and Supplemental Restraint System. In group 4 circuit diagrams, the operation and troubleshooting hints are given on the previous page of following page for each circuit where necessary.
